IFR

61.57(c)(d)

• 6 months to do:
  • 6 approaches
  • Holding Procedures and Tasks
  • Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of navigational electronic systems
• Additional 6 months to do it with a safety pilot to “get current”
• After that needs IPC (prescribed by ACS) (61.57(d))

91.157

• Must be instrument rated to fly special VFR at Night (civil twilight to civil twilight, sun 6 degrees below horizon)

91.159

• Unless in a holding pattern of 2 minutes or less, VFR cruising altitude applies when more than 3,000ft agl, unless otherwise authorized by ATC

91.167

• Fuel requirements to point of intended landing, to alternate, and 45 mins thereafter (normal cruise speed)

91.169

• No alternate required if 1hr before and 1hr after ETA weather is forecast 2,000ft ceiling and visibility 3sm.  (Ceiling is lowest layer that is “obscuring” “broken” or “OVC”)
• Alternates unless otherwise listed must have Instr Apprch Proc
  • Precision 2sm-600ft
  • Non-precision 2sm-800ft
  • No Apprch Proc needed if at planned ETA descent can be made from MEA and landing approach completed under basic VFR

91.171

• VOR Checks
  • Every 30 days
    • VOT broadcasts 360 radial (reads 180 to the station) +/- 4 degrees
    • Airborne check should be done over prominent landmark along designated airway at a low but safe altitude, at least 20nm from station +/- 6 degrees
    • Dual VOR Check, air or ground +/- 4 degrees
    • VOR ground checkpoint on ground is +/- 4 degrees
    • Designated spots in Chart Supplement
  • Check must be documented with:
    • Date
    • Place
    • Bearing Error
    • Signature

91.175

• Descent below MDA never
• Descent below DA/DH
  • Allowed when:
    • Aircraft is Continuously in a position to land normally
    • Flight vis is not lower than apprch proc vis mins.
    • Has at least one of the following distinctly visible to the pilot:
      • Approach Light System (may not descend below 100ft above tdze using approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or red side bars are also distinctly visible.
      • The threshold
      • The threshold markings
      • The threshold lights
      • The REIL
      • The visual approach slope indicator
      • TDZ or TDZ markings
      • TDZ lights
      • Runway or RWY markings
      • RWY lights
• Cannot land operating under 91,121,125,129,135 when flight vis less than mins.
• Must execute a missed approach immediately when:
  • A/C is below MDA
  • Upon arrival at DH/DA when above items are not in view, or when view is lost
  • Whenever an identifiable part of the airport is not distinctly visible during a circling maneuver at or above MDA, unless the loss of sight results only from normal bank of the aircraft during the approach.
• Takeoff Minimums
  • Applies to parts 121,125,129,135 not part 91 opps
• RVR
  • If RVR mins are prescribed for takeoff or landing, but not available for intended use RWY, RVR can be converted using table in 91.175(h)(2)
• Must maintain last assigned altitude when being vectored for approach until on published portion of the approach
• No Procedure turns unless cleared by ATC or Apprch Proc
• Outer Marker can be replaced by PAR, Compass Locator, ASR, DME, VOR, or RNAV
• EFVS can allow descents below DH/DA and MDA

91.177

• Cannot operate under IFR:
  • Below MOCA
  • Below MEA when more than 22nm from VOR when using VOR Navigation
  • Below 2,000ft above highest obstacle within 4nm radius of flight path in Mountainous areas
  • Below 1,000 above the highest obstacle within 4nm radius of flight path in non-mountainous areas.
• CLIMBING
  • Climb to a higher min IFR altitude shall begin immediately passing point at which higher altitude begins, except when ground obstructions intervene; the point at which higher altitude applies should be crossed at applicable MCA

91.179

• IFR Altitudes
  • In controlled airspace must maintain assigned alt by ATC, unless “VFR on Top” then appropriate VFR cruise ALT
  • Except in holding pattern or 2mins or less; when below 18,000ft, maintain odd thousands eastbound and even thousands westbound (0-179, 180-359 magnetic)

91.183

• IFR Comms – Must Report
  • Required Reporting Points, time passing and ALT
  • Unforecast weather conditions
  • Any other information pertinent to the safety of the flight

91.185

• IFR Comm Failures
  • If in VFR conditions at time of failure, or VFR conditions encountered, continue flight under VFR
  • If in IFR conditions
    • ROUTE:
      • Last Assigned, if radar vectored then by the direct route from point of failure to fix, route, or airway specified in the vector clearance
      • In absence of assigned route, use expected
      • In absence of both above, then filled route
    • ALT
      • Highest of the following:
      • MEA for route flown, Assigned, Expected

91.187

• Malfunction Reports
  • Shall report as soon as practical malfunctions of:
    • Navigational, Approach, Communications Equipment
  • Must include when making report:
    • A/C Identification
    • Equipment Affected
    • Degree to which capability of pilot to operate in IFR system is impaired
    • Nature and extent of assistance desired from ATC.

91.205(d)

• Required Instruments are same as for night VFR flight plus:
  • 2 way radio
  • Gyro Rate of Turn
  • Slip Skid
  • Sensitive Altimeter adjustable for Baro Pressure
  • Clock with HH:MM:SS with second hand or digital presentation
  • Generator/Alternator of adequate capacity
  • Gyro Pitch and Bank (AI)
  • Gyro Directional Ind. (DG, HSI)
  • Opps above FL240 require DME or RNAV