IFR 1

Question 1 of 109

1. Question

A characteristic of the stratosphere is?

An overall decrease of temperature with an increase in altitude
a relatively even base altitude of approximately 35,000 feet.
relatively small changes in temperature with an increase in altitude.

Question 2 of 109

2. Question

The average height of the troposphere in the middle latitudes is

20,000 ft
25,000 ft
37,000 ft

Question 3 of 109

3. Question

Which feature is associated with the tropopause?

Absence of wind and turbulent conditions
absolute upper limit of cloud formation
abrupt change in temperature lapse rate

Question 4 of 109

4. Question

A jet stream is defined as wind of

30 knots or greater
40 knots or greater
50 knots or greater

Question 5 of 109

5. Question

The strength and location of the jet stream is normally

stronger and farther north in the winter
weaker and farther north in the summer
stronger and farther north in the summer

Question 6 of 109

6. Question

The primary cause of all changes in the Earth’s weather is

variation of solar energy received by the Earth's regions
changes in air pressure over the Earth's surface
movement of the air masses

Question 7 of 109

7. Question

How much colder than standard temperature is the forecast temperature at 9,000ft, as indicated in the following excerpt from the winds and temperature aloft forecast?

FT 6000 9000

0737-04 1043-10

-3C
-10C
-7C

Question 8 of 109

8. Question

If the air temperature is +8C at an elevation of 1,350ft and a standard temperature lapse rate exists, what will be the approximate freezing level?

3,350ft MSL
5,350ft MSL
9,350MSL

Question 9 of 109

9. Question

If the air temperature is +8C at an elevation of 1,350ft and a standard temperature lapse rate exists, what will be the approximate freezing level?

warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain
the movement of colder air over warm air, or the movement of warm air under cold air.
ground radiation on clear, cool nights when the wind is light.

Question 10 of 109

10. Question

The most frequent type of ground or surface based temperature inversion is that produced by

radiation on a clear relatively still night
warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain
the movement of colder air under warm air or the movement of warm air over cold air.

Question 11 of 109

11. Question

What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?

A stable layer of air
an unstable layer of air
air mass thunderstorms

Question 12 of 109

12. Question

A temperature inversion will normally form only

in stable air
in unstable air
when a stratiform layer merges with a cumuliform mass

Question 13 of 109

13. Question

Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?

Smooth air and poor visibility due to fog, haze, or low clouds
light wind shear and poor visibility due to have and light rain
turbulent air and poor visibility due to fog, low stratus-type clouds, and showery precipitation

Question 14 of 109

14. Question

What causes surface winds to flow across the isobars at an angle rather than parallel to the isobars?

Coriolis force
Surface friction
The greater density of the air at the surface

Question 15 of 109

15. Question

Winds at 5,000 feet AGL on a particular flight are southwesterly while most of the surface winds are southerly. This difference in direction is primarily due to

a stronger pressure gradient at higher altitudes
friction between the wind and the surface
stronger Coriolis force at the surface

Question 16 of 109

16. Question

What relationship exists between the winds at 2,000 feet above the surface and the surface winds?

The winds at 2,000 feet and the surface winds flow in the same direction, but the surface winds are weaker due to friction
The winds at 2,000 feet tend to parallel the isobars while the surface winds cross the isobars at an angle toward lower pressure and are weaker.
The surface winds tend to veer to the right of the winds at 2,000 feet and are usually weaker.

Question 17 of 109

17. Question

Which force in the Northern hemisphere acts at a right angle to the wind and deflects it to the right until parallel to isobars?

centrifugal
pressure gradient
Coriolis

Question 18 of 109

18. Question

Clouds, fog, or dew will always form when

water vapor condenses
water vapor is present
the temperature and dew point are equal

Question 19 of 109

19. Question

To which meteorological condition does the term “dew point” refer?

the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated.
The temperature at which condensation and evaporation are equal
the temperature at which dew will always form.

Question 20 of 109

20. Question

The amount of water vapor which air can hold largely depends on

Relative humidity
air temperature
stability of air

Question 21 of 109

21. Question

What enhances the growth rate of precipitation?

Advective action
Upward currents
Cyclonic movement

Question 22 of 109

22. Question

What temperature condition is indicated if wet snow is encountered at your flight altitude?

The temperature is above freezing at your altitude
The temperature is below freezing at your altitude.
You are flying from a warm air mass into a cold air mass.

Question 23 of 109

23. Question

The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that

There are thunderstorms in the area
a cold front has passed
there is freezing rain at a higher altitude

Question 24 of 109

24. Question

Which precipitation type normally indicates freezing rain at higher altitudes?

Snow
Hail
Ice pellets

Question 25 of 109

25. Question

Stability can be determined from which measurement of the atmosphere?

Low level winds.
Ambient lapse rate
Atmospheric pressure.

Question 26 of 109

26. Question

What determines the structure or type of clouds which form as a result of air being forced to ascend?

The method by which the air is lifted
The stability of the air before lifting occurs
The amount of condensation nuclei present after lifting occurs.

Question 27 of 109

27. Question

Unsaturated air flowing up slope will cool at the rate of approximately (dry adiabatic lapse rate)

3C per 1,000ft
2C per 1,000ft
2.5C per 1,000 ft

Question 28 of 109

28. Question

What type of clouds will be formed if very stable moist air is forced up slope?

First stratified clouds and then vertical clouds
Vertical clouds with increasing height
Stratified clouds with little vertical development

Question 29 of 109

29. Question

What type clouds can be expected when an unstable air mass is forced to ascend a mountain slope?

Layered clouds with little vertical development
Stratified clouds with considerable associated turbulence.
Clouds with extensive vertical development.

Question 30 of 109

30. Question

Which of the following combinations of weather producing variables would likely result in cumuliform-type clouds, good visibility, rain showers, and possible clear-type icing in clouds?

Unstable, moist air and no lifting mechanism
Stable, dry air, and orographic lifting.
unstable, moist air, and orographic lifting.

Question 31 of 109

31. Question

The suffix “nimbus” used in naming clouds means a

Cloud with extensive vertical development
rain cloud
dark massive, towering cloud

Question 32 of 109

32. Question

What are the four families of clouds?

Stratus, cumulus, nimbus, and cirrus.
clouds formed by updrafts, fronts, cooling layers of air, and precipitation into warm air.
High, middle, and low and those with extensive vertical development.

Question 33 of 109

33. Question

A high cloud is composed mostly of

ozone
condensation nuclei
Ice crystals

Question 34 of 109

34. Question

Which family of clouds is least likely to contribute to structural icing on an aircraft?

Low clouds
High clouds
Clouds with extensive vertical development

Question 35 of 109

35. Question

Which clouds have the greatest turbulence?

Towering cumulus
cumulonimbus
altocumulus castellanus

Question 36 of 109

36. Question

Standing lenticular clouds, in mountainous areas indicate

an inversion
unstable air
turbulence

Question 37 of 109

37. Question

The presence of standing lenticular altocumulus clouds is a good indication of

a jet stream
very strong turbulence
heavy icing conditions

Question 38 of 109

38. Question

fair weather cumulus clouds often indicate

turbulence at and below the cloud level
poor visibility
smooth flying conditions

Question 39 of 109

39. Question

Fog is usually prevalent in industrial areas because of

Atmospheric stabilization around cities
an abundance of condensation nuclei from combustion products
increased temperatures due to industrial heating

Question 40 of 109

40. Question

Under which condition does advection fog usually form?

Moist air moving over colder ground or water
Warm moist air settling over a cool surface under no-wind conditions
A land breeze blowing a cold air mass over a warm water current.

Question 41 of 109

41. Question

In which situation is advection fog most likely to form?

An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter
a light breeze blowing colder air out to sea
warm moist air settling over a warmer surface under no-wind conditions

Question 42 of 109

42. Question

In what localities is advection fog most likely to occur?

Coastal areas
Mountain slopes
Level inland areas

Question 43 of 109

43. Question

What types of fog depend upon a wind in order to exist?

Steam fog and down slope fog
Precipitation induced fog and ground fog
advection fog and up slope fog

Question 44 of 109

44. Question

What situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog?

Warm moist air over low flatland areas on clear calm nights
Moist tropical air moving over cold offshore water
the movement of cold air over much warmer water

Question 45 of 109

45. Question

Which conditions are favorable for the formation of radiation fog?

Moist air moving over colder ground or water
Cloudy sky and a light wind moving saturated warm air over a cool surface
Clear sky little or no wind small temperature dew-point spread and over a land surface.

Question 46 of 109

46. Question

Which weather condition can be expected when moist air flows from a relatively warm surface to a colder surface?

Increased visibility
Convective Turbulence due to surface heating
Fog

Question 47 of 109

47. Question

An air mass is a body of air that

has similar cloud formations associated with it.
creates a wind shift as it moves across the earth's surface
covers an extensive area and has fairly uniform properties of temperature and moisture

Question 48 of 109

48. Question

The general characteristics of unstable air are

good visibility showery precipitation, and cumuliform-type clouds
good visibility, steady precipitation, and stratiform-type clouds
poor visibility, intermittent precipitation, and cumuliform-type clouds

Question 49 of 109

49. Question

Which are characteristics of an unstable cold air mass moving over a warm surface?

Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and poor visibility
Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and good visibility
Stratiform clouds, smooth air, and poor visibility

Question 50 of 109

50. Question

Which is a characteristic of stable air?

Fair weather cumulus clouds
Stratiform clouds
unlimited visibility

Question 51 of 109

51. Question

What are the characteristics of stable air?

Good visibility, steady precipitation, and stratus-type clouds
Poor visibility, intermittent precipitation, and cumulus-type clouds
Poor visibility, steady precipitation, and stratus-type clouds

Question 52 of 109

52. Question

Steady precipitation, in contrast to showers, preceding a front is an indication of

stratiform clouds with moderate turbulence
Cumuliform clouds with little or no turbulence
stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence

Question 53 of 109

53. Question

Frontal Waves normally form on

slow moving cold fronts or stationary fronts
slow moving warm fronts and strong occluded fronts
rapidly moving cold fronts or warm fronts

Question 54 of 109

54. Question

Which weather phenomenon is always associated with the passage of a frontal system?

A wind change
An abrupt decrease in pressure
Clouds, either ahead or behind the front

Question 55 of 109

55. Question

If you fly into sever turbulence, which flight condition should you attempt to maintain?

Constant airspeed (Va)
Level flight attitude
Constant altitude and constant airspeed

Question 56 of 109

56. Question

If severe turbulence is encountered during your IFR flight, the airplane should be slowed to the design maneuvering speed because the

maneuverability of the airplane will be increased
amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing will be decreased
airplane will stall at lower angle of attack, giving an increased margin of safety,

Question 57 of 109

57. Question

A Pilot reporting turbulence that momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude should report as

light turbulence
moderate turbulence
light chop

Question 58 of 109

58. Question

What are the requirments for the formation ofa thunderstorm?

A cumulus cloud with sufficient moisture
A cumulus cloud with sufficient moisture and an inverted lapse rate.
Sufficient moisture and unstable lapse rate, and a lifting action.

Question 59 of 109

59. Question

Which weather phenomenon signals the begining of the mature stage of a thunderstorm?

The start of rain at the surface
growth rate of cloud is maximum
Strong turbulence in the cloud

Question 60 of 109

60. Question

During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominately by downdrafts?

cumulus
dissipating
mature

Question 61 of 109

61. Question

What is an indication that downdrafts have developed and the thunderstorm cell has entered the mature stage?

The anvil top has completed its development
Precipitation begins to fall from the cloud base
A gust front forms

Question 62 of 109

62. Question

Where do squall lines most often develop?

In an occluded front
In a cold air mass
Ahead of a cold front

Question 63 of 109

63. Question

If squalls are reported at your destination, what wind conditions should you anticipate?

Sudden increases in wind speed of at least 16 knots, rising to 22 knots or more, lasting for at least 1 minuet.
Peak gusts of at least 35 knots for a sustained period of 1 minuet or longer
Rapid variation in wind direction of at least 20 degrees and changes in speed of at least 10 knots between peaks and lulls

Question 64 of 109

64. Question

Which thunderstorms generally produce the most sever conditions, such as heavy hail and destructive winds?

Warm front
squall line
air mass

Question 65 of 109

65. Question

What is indicated by the term “embedded thunder storms”?

Sever thunderstorms are embedded within a squall line
Thunderstorms are predicted to develop in a stable air mass
Thunderstorms are obscured by massive cloud layers and cannot be seen.

Question 66 of 109

66. Question

Which weather phenomenon is always associated with a thunderstorm?

Lightning
Heavy rain showers
Supercooled raindrops

Question 67 of 109

67. Question

Which procedure is recommended if a pilot should unintentionally penetrate embedded thunderstorm activity?

Reverse aircraft heading or proceed toward an area of know VFR conditions
Reduce airspeed to maneuvering speed and maintain a constant altitude
Set power for recommended turbulence penetration airspeed and attempt to maintain a level flight attitude.

Question 68 of 109

68. Question

What is the expected duration of an individual microburst?

Two minuets with maximum winds lasting approximately 1 min
One microburst may continue for as long as 2 to 4 hours
Seldom longer than 15 min from the time the burst strikes the ground until dissipation.

Question 69 of 109

69. Question

Maximum downdrafts in a microburst encounter may be as strong as

8,000 feet per minuet
7,000 feet per minuet
6,000 feet per minuet

Question 70 of 109

70. Question

An aircraft that encounters a headwind of 45 knots, within a microburst, may expect a total shear across the microburst of

40 knots
80 knots
90 knots

Question 71 of 109

71. Question

If involved in a microburst encounterm in which aircraft position will the most sever downdraft occur?

4 and 5
2 and 3
3 and 4

Question 72 of 109

72. Question

Which conditions result in the formation of frost?

The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below freezing and small droplets of moisture are falling
When dew forms and the temperature is below freezing
Temperature of the collecting surface is below the dewpoint of surrounding air and the dewpoint is colder than freezing

Question 73 of 109

73. Question

In which meteorological environment is aircraft sturctural icing most likely to have the higest rate of accumulation?

Cumulonimbus clouds
High humidity and freezing temperature
Freezing rain

Question 74 of 109

74. Question

What is an operational consideration if you fly into rain which freezes on impact?

You have flown into an area of thunderstorms
Temperatures are above freezing at some higher altitude
You have flown through a cold front

Question 75 of 109

75. Question

Test data indicate that ice, snow, or frost having a thickness and roughness similar to medium or coarse sandpaper on the leading edge and upper surface of an airfoil

Reduce lift by as much as 50 % and increase drag by as much as 50%
Increased drag and reduce lift by as much as 25%
Reduce lift by as much as 30% and increase drag by 40%

Question 76 of 109

76. Question

Why is frost considered hazardous to flight operation?

Frost changes the basic aerodynamic shape of the airfoil
frost decreases control effectiveness
Frost causes early airflow separation resulting in loss of lift

Question 77 of 109

77. Question

When icing is detected, particularly while operating an aircraft without decing equipment, the pilot should

Fly to an area with liquid precipitation
Fly to a lower altitude
Leave the area of precipitation or go to an altitude where the temperature is above freezing.

Question 78 of 109

78. Question

Tailplane icing can be detected by

a slow and steady decrease in altitude
flaps failing to operate
a sudden change in elevator force or commanded nose down pitch

Question 79 of 109

79. Question

If tailplane icing or a tailplane stall is detected the pilot should

lower the flops to decrease airspeed
decrease power to V fe
retract flaps and increase power

Question 80 of 109

80. Question

Which is true with regards to icing?

Heavy icing on the leading edge is not as bad as light icing on the upper surface.
Smooth ice on the upper surface will cause minimal if any problems
Light icing is worse than heavy icing

Question 81 of 109

81. Question

What is the most likely reason for buffeting or vibrations after extending the flaps during or exiting icing conditions?

incipient tailplane stall
Aerodynamic stall due to increased angle of attack
aerodynamic instability due to ice accumulation forward of the ailerons

Question 82 of 109

82. Question

The best technique for using deicing boots is to

Allow ice to build first to reduce likelihood of "ice bridging"
use them immediately upon visual detection of any ice.
Cycle several times after exiting to obtain a clean wing

Question 83 of 109

83. Question

How should deicing boots be used after exiting flight in icing conditions?

Boots do not need to be operated after leaving icing conditions
Continue to cycle the boots several times to remove residual ice left behind after normal boot operation.
Only continue to cycle the boots if you are concerned ice may continue to accumulate.

Question 84 of 109

84. Question

The most hazardous aspect of structural icing is that

it can cause breakage of antennas
it can cause blockage of the pitot tube and static ports affecting the aircraft instruments
it can result in aerodynamic degradation including loss of lift

Question 85 of 109

85. Question

Preventing ice from causing a hazard for aircraft certified for flight into known icing conditions is accomplished by

Spraying alcohol or glycol solution on the aircraft before take off
A deicing system on the aircraft
an ant-icing system on the aircraft

All three statements are true.
Only statements 2 and 3
only statement 1 is true

Question 86 of 109

86. Question

What is the purpose of a weeping wing?

The weeping wing can be used in place of spoilers to slow the aircraft
The weeping wing provides leading edge protection against icing
the weeping wing provides additional camber for the aerodynamic lifting

Question 87 of 109

87. Question

What should pilots do if icing is detected while also experiencing a rolling condition?

Lower the flaps to decrease airspeed
Set power and angle of attack for a controlled descent
retract flaps and increase power.

Question 88 of 109

88. Question

What autopilot function should you turn off if iving is suspected?

HDG (heading) mode
Auto approach (APP) mode
Turn off autopilot

Question 89 of 109

89. Question

A generally recommended practice for auto pilot usage during cruise flight in icing conditions is

having the autopilot continuously engaged while monitoring the system for abnormal trim, trim rate or attitude
periodically disengaging the autopilot and hand flying the airplane.
periodically disengaging and immediately reengaging the altitude hold function

Question 90 of 109

90. Question

On initial climb out after takeoff and with the autopilot engaged, you encounter icing condition. In this situation you can expect

ice to accumulate on the underside of the wings due to the higher AOA
the autopilot to hold the vertical speed, it the ant icing boots are working
the increased airflow under the wings to prevent the accumulation of ice

Question 91 of 109

91. Question

If icing is suspected on an airplane equipped with deiving equipment, the pilot should

first confirm ice with the ice light prior to deploying the pneumatic boots
operate the pneumatic deicing system several times to clear the ice
operate the pneumatic deicing system once to allow time for the ice removal

Question 92 of 109

92. Question

The first place ice is likley to form on an aircraft is the

wings
tailplane
windshield

Question 93 of 109

93. Question

If a pilot encounters freezing drizzle, he can assume that

there is warmer air above
the freezing drizzle will accumulate as rime ice
since freezing drizzle is supercooled it is not a concern for structural icing.

Question 94 of 109

94. Question

when flying through supercooled water droplets, the first sign of structural ice accumulation would be

the leading edge of the wings
on the probes and antennas
the windshield

Question 95 of 109

95. Question

What actions should the pilot take in the event of suspected tailplane icing during an approach?

leave the autopilot on to assist flying the approach
use partial or no flaps and no autopilot
hand fly the approach until the IAF and then use the autopilot

Question 96 of 109

96. Question

Expect clear ice to form on the leading edge of the airfoils when

liquid water and snow combine with ice
temperatures are close to freezing, there is a large volume of liquid water precipitation, and the aircraft is at high airspeeds.
the precipitation is small droplets and the aircraft is at low airspeeds.

Question 97 of 109

97. Question

When flying through stratiform clouds, the best way to alieviate icing is by

changing altitude to one with above freezing temperatures or where temperatures are colder than -10C
slowly climbing out of the icing layer
always descending to find warm air below

Question 98 of 109

98. Question

Where does wind shear occur?

exclusively in thunderstorms
wherever there is an abrupt decrease in pressure and temperature
With either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient at any level in the atmosphere

Question 99 of 109

99. Question

What is an important characteristic of wind shear?

It is primarily associated with the lateral vortices generated by thunderstorms
It usually exists only in the vicinity of thunderstorms, but may be found near a strong temperature inversion.
It may be associated with either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient at any level in the atmosphere.

Question 100 of 109

100. Question

What is an important chacteristic of wind shear?

It is an atmospheric condition that is associated exclusively with zones of convergence
The Coriolis phenomenon in both high and low level air masses is the principal generating force
It is an atmospheric conditions that may be associated with a low level temperature inversion, a jet stream, or a frontal zone

Question 101 of 109

101. Question

Which is a chateristic of low level wind shear as it relates to frontal activity?

With a warm front, the most critical period is before the front passes the airport.
With a cold front, the most critical period is just before the front passes the airport
Turbulence will always exist in wind shear conditions

Question 102 of 109

102. Question

Hazardous wind shear is commonly encoutered near the ground

during periods when the wind velocity is stronger than 35 knots
during periods when the wind velocity is stronger than 35 knots and near mountain valleys
during periods of strong temperature inversions and near thunderstorms.

Question 103 of 109

103. Question

Where can wind shear associated with a thunderstorm be found? Choose the most complete answer

in front of the thunderstorm cell (anvil side) and on the right side of the cell
in front of the thunderstorm cell and directly under the cell
On all side of the thunderstorm and directly underneath it.

Question 104 of 109

104. Question

While flying a 3 degree glide slope, a constant tailwind shears to a calm wind, which condition shoud the pilot expect?

Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to go below glide slope.
Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go below glide slope.
Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go above and beyond the glide slope .

Question 105 of 109

105. Question

While glying a 3 degree glide slope, a headwind shears to a tailwind. which conditions should the pilot expect on the glide slope?

Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to go below glide slope.
Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go above glide slope
Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to remain on the glide slope.

Question 106 of 109

106. Question

When climb or descent through an inversion or wind shear zone is being performed, the pilot shoud be alert for which of the following change in airplane performance?

A fast rate of climb and a slow rate of descent
A sudden change in airspeed
A sudden surge of thrust

Question 107 of 109

107. Question

A ceiling is defined as the height of the

highest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena aloft that covers over 6/10 of the sky
lowest layer of clouds that contributed to the overall overcast
Lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena aloft that is reported as a broken layer or overcast

Question 108 of 109

108. Question

The station originating the following weather reprot has a field elevation of 1300 MSL. From the bottome of the overcast cloud layer, what is its thickness? (Tops of OVC are reported at 3800ft)

SPECI KOKC 2228Z 28024G36KT 3/4SM BKN008 OVC020 28/23 A3000

500 FEET
1700 FEET
2500 FEET

Question 109 of 109

109. Question

What is meant by the entry in the remarks section of the METAR surface report for KBNA?

METAR KBNA 211250Z 33018KT 290V260 1/2SM R31/2700FT +SN

BLSNFG VV008 00/M03 A2991 RMK RAE42SNB42

The wind is variable from 290 to 360
Heavy blowing snow and fog on the runway 31
Rain ended 42 past the hour, snow began 42 past the hour

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